On the morning of the 23rd, Beijing Education Examinations Institute announced the minimum control score for the batch (type) admission of Beijing High School Entrance Examination in 2019. After the merger of one and two undergraduate courses, the control score for the ordinary batch admission is 480 points for liberal arts and 423 points for science, with full marks for both liberal arts and mathematics. There are 14 people with a score above 680 for liberal arts and 24 people with a score above 700 for science. From 12 noon yesterday, the college entrance examination results were inquired online. Candidates can check their scores by logging in to the website of Beijing Education Examinations Institute, and they can fill in their volunteers from tomorrow.

　　Draw the first independent enrollment control score line

　　In 2019, a total of 59,209 people registered in the city, including 54,065 candidates for the unified examination and 5,144 candidates for the single examination.

　　Yesterday, we announced the admission control scores of ordinary undergraduate students, special types of admission control scores such as self-enrollment (referred to as "self-enrollment line"), admission control scores of art undergraduate students, 330 scores of liberal arts and 300 scores of science majors in physical education, social sports and leisure sports (60 points in physical education) (see the above table for details).

　　It is worth mentioning that the self-enrollment line announced this time is the first time after the merger of Beijing No.1 and No.2 universities. According to the regulations of the self-enrollment brochure of colleges and universities, the scores of candidates who have been recognized by self-enrollment should reach one line in the same subject in this province, while in the provinces where undergraduate batches are merged, it is the corresponding independent enrollment control score line.

　　The minimum control score line for college admission will be delineated and announced by the Municipal Recruitment Committee on July 23rd.

　　In addition, the reference line for the interview of the unified entrance examination specialist in advance (the total score of three subjects): 120 points for liberal arts and 120 points for science.

　　The admission control score of single examination and single recruit in higher vocational colleges is 120 points. Among them, the score of art major is 84.

　　Yesterday, the statistical table of the scores distribution of candidates for the 2019 Beijing college entrance examination was also published on the website of Beijing Education Examinations Institute, with full marks in arts, sciences and mathematics (see the right table for details).

　　Undergraduate general approval can fill 16 universities.

　　Different from previous years, this year, Beijing promoted the reform of admission batch, merged the first batch and the second batch of undergraduate courses into the ordinary batch of undergraduate courses, set up 16 universities in parallel volunteer, and set up 6 volunteer majors in each volunteer university. According to the Catalogue of Enrollment Majors of Colleges and Universities in Beijing in 2019, there are more than 28,100 undergraduate programs in Beijing.

　　There are two batches of undergraduate enrollment in this city, in addition to the ordinary undergraduate approval, there are also undergraduate advance approval. Undergraduate courses are divided into art and ordinary classes in advance, and candidates can only choose one of them, but not both. Among them, in the art category in advance, the volunteers are set to three sections: A, B and C, and they are admitted in order; In the general category approved in advance, the volunteer setting is also three paragraphs: A, B and C, and there are two sequential volunteers, and each volunteer reports to one university. In addition, specialist enrollment is accepted in two batches: specialist advance approval and specialist general approval.

　　From 8: 00 on June 25 to 20: 00 on June 29, the candidates for the unified examination will fill in the undergraduate pre-approval volunteers, special types of enrollment volunteers, and undergraduate general approval volunteers, while the candidates for the single examination will fill in the vocational education teacher class and the single examination volunteers for higher vocational education. From 8: 00 on July 21 to 20: 00 on July 22, candidates who have not been admitted to the unified examination will fill in the advance approval of the specialist and the general approval of the specialist.

　　Candidates must log on to the website of Beijing Education Examinations Institute to fill in their volunteers within the specified time, and complete the information submission before the deadline, and no supplementary report will be given after the deadline. Candidates’ volunteering is an important basis for admission. Once the time for volunteering is closed, no one can change it. Volunteer filling and admission in each batch shall be conducted before the next batch of admission begins. During the admission period, the time for volunteering in each batch will be released in time through the website of Beijing Education Examinations Institute.

　　This year, the city implemented the reform of art volunteer setting and admission. In order to better serve art candidates to fill in the college entrance examination volunteers, the examination institute also announced the results of the fine arts unified examination, the results of the college entrance examination and the comprehensive score distribution statistics of qualified candidates.

　　Our reporter Ren Min Liu Mian

　　Parallel importer 6: 2021 2.5 hybrid electric vehicle, this car also has special features in power. It is composed of a 2.5L hybrid, matched with CVT gearbox, with super performance. While maintaining strong output, the fuel consumption of the car will be further reduced, which is not only environmentally friendly but also improves fuel economy. It can save a lot of budget to maintain the car later, which is also in line with the requirements of domestic commercial vehicles. In addition, for convenient operation, this car retains the traditional mechanical gear lever, which can be described as well.

　　Compared with the old models, the 21 Senna models have undergone earth-shaking changes, adopting the latest design concept of Toyota, and the overall design is bold and radical. In particular, the exaggerated large-mouth air intake grille with a long and narrow front LED headlight combination further enhances the recognition of the front face. The chrome-plated decorative strip above the headlight combination has been perfectly extended, which looks more exquisite, while the overall line of the new Senna side is slender and concave-convex, which reflects the advanced texture after the update.

　　21 Toyota Senna 2.5 hybrid car body size parameters: length * width * height: 5095*1985* 1810MM wheelbase: 3030MM front and rear wheel track: 1720MM minimum ground clearance: 164MM second row leg space: 955MM third row leg space: 922MM second row head space: 1008MM third row head space: 973MM second row shoulder space: 1642MM third row shoulder space: 1552MM maximum load mass: 670 KG body structure:

　　The design of 21 Toyota Senna 2.5 oil-mixed tail is also very fashionable, which can be said to have undergone earth-shaking changes. The red LED taillights are the biggest design highlight of the whole tail, which not only has a sporty shape, but also has excellent lighting effect. The blue Toyota Iogo indicates the identity of the new Senna hybrid model.

　　21 Toyota Senna configurations: length * width * height: 5085*198* 1810MM body structure: 5 doors and 7 seats MPV wheelbase: 3030 curb weight: 2155KG maximum load weight 560 fuel tank volume: 75L air intake mode: naturally aspirated cylinder arrangement mode: V6 number of valves per cylinder: 4 compression ratio: 11.8 valve train: DOHC maximum horsepower: 300 maximum power: 221 maximum power speed: 6600 maximum torque: 357. Four-wheel drive form: full-time four-wheel drive body structure: loaded body brake type: ventilated disc airbag quantity: 10.

　　Name of dealer: Tianjin Xiangruitong Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.

　　Dealer Address: 203A, Building 10, Yihang International, Binhai New Area, Tianjin

　　Dealer’s phone number: Anna Liu 18222552829 (the phone is synchronized with WeChat)

　　Disclaimer: The above car purchase preferential information is provided by the comprehensive dealers of this website, and the price fluctuates greatly due to market factors, which is only for car purchase reference; The distributor is responsible for its authenticity, accuracy and legality, and this website does not provide any guarantee or assume any legal responsibility.

1. Appearance: The new Sylphy adopts a brand-new design, with smoother and more dynamic lines. The classic Sylphy maintains the old design style and is relatively conservative.

2. Interior: The interior design of the new Sylphy is more fashionable and simple, and many soft materials are used to enhance the texture of the car. The interior of the classic Sylphy is relatively simple and the material is relatively hard.

3. Power: The new Sylphy is equipped with a 1.6L naturally aspirated engine with a maximum power of 93kW and a maximum torque of 154Nm. The classic Sylphy is equipped with two naturally aspirated engines of 1.6L and 1.8L, with the maximum power of 86kW and 98kW respectively and the maximum torque of 153Nm and 174Nm respectively.

4. Configuration: The new Sylphy is equipped with more safety configuration and technology configuration, such as automatic parking and intelligent cruise. The classic Sylphy configuration is relatively low, without these advanced configurations.

Generally speaking, the new Sylphy is better than the classic Sylphy in all aspects, and it is superior in design, interior texture and dynamic performance. Of course, the price will be slightly higher than the classic Sylphy.

The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies is being shown in China, The Avengers 2 and Star Wars 7 are ready to go, and the domestic blockbuster Sima Migration 2015 has come to an end. We don’t know yet whether the series "shoots a sequel"; We also don’t know the specific identity of the director "The Little Soldier". On the evening of January 23rd, local time, Si Manan unveiled the mystery of the "immigration situation" at the North American Chinese Spring Festival Gala on International Satellite TV (ICN), and released several photos of him as a guest at this Spring Festival Gala through Weibo. The irascible old man Sima laughed at himself in Weibo: "Why did Si Manan become Sima Yi?"

The finale of Sima Immigrants 2015

Si Manan expressed his thanks to Observer.com for paying attention to this series of events by voice. He also told Observer.com that he originally wanted to clarify this online rumor two days in advance, but the television station (ICN) thought that it would be better to have such an opportunity to explain it on the spot under the witness of many important American media, and he himself agreed to this arrangement. An interview session was added to the "Happy Spring Festival North America 2015 Hollywood China New Year’s Party", which allowed Si Manan to answer three questions: one was his personal immigration problem, and the other was the reason why he landed on North American TV as the host of China to make the program "Sima Vernacular"; Third, the differences between Chinese and American folk festivals.

Si Manan responded in Weibo.

How did this farce end? Si Manan has just recorded some live conversations through the long article "My Explanation (Part II)-Sima Yi (Shift) Phenomenon" published by Weibo. This article not only discriminates and refutes rumors, but also raises thoughts on Sino-US relations and the management of personnel exchanges between China and the United States. The excerpts of Observer Network are as follows:

Tonight, celebrities from all walks of life in the United States and Los Angeles gathered together to dress up for the 2015 North American Chinese Spring Festival Gala.

In front of the officials of the China Embassy and Consulate, in front of 600 or 700 live audiences, in front of major media reporters, Mr. Jason, a famous TV presenter, asked sharply: "I heard that Mr. Si Manan also immigrated to the United States?"

A: "No."

"Really? How did I hear that you immigrated to America? "

A: "I have never immigrated, and I don’t intend to immigrate. My family has not immigrated … I think it’s good to be Chinese."

The audience gave me warm applause. "Of course, I’m not saying that immigration is not good." (Laughter and applause)

"Then where did you do your talk show? What are you doing in America? "

"The talk show" Sima Vernacular "broadcast by lCN International Satellite TV in the United States was recorded in Beijing. I came to the United States this time to participate in the North American draft of China CCTV Avenue of Stars and served as a judge in new york and Los Angeles."

The live photos of Weibo, the old man, are almost all taken with beautiful women at home and abroad, which is very embarrassing.

I asked Jason, "What did you just call me?"

Jason suddenly froze. He was a little uncertain and hesitated to say, "Did I say something wrong? Your name is Si Yima Nanyi, right? "

"Oh, Si Manan, that was my previous name. Now I’m going to change my name to Sima Yi. Do you know why?"

Jason is a clever boy, and he has come to his senses. "Oh, I know, I know, you are talking about the migration of immigrants."

"Yes, in the past few days, people have said that Si Manan has immigrated, and they have a nose and eyes. I don’t care about this repeated immigration. I am afraid that the officials of the US Immigration Bureau can’t stand it. They are bored!"

The audience laughed and laughed happily.

"What’s the rating of your program Sima Vernacular?"

"The program" Sima Vernacular "was originally rated well, because it is a daily broadcast program closely related to current politics, and it is broadcast on time at nine o’clock every night, plus two reruns, which is an original talk show with high density. Recently, rumors about Si Manan immigrants have been constantly fermented on the Internet, which has caused more people to care about Sima vernacular, and the ratings have been unexpectedly greatly improved.

"Your question reminds me of something I experienced before Linlai. This time I came to the United States for a face-to-face interview, the visa officer asked me about my occupation, and I said that I was a TV presenter. He asked,’ What program is hosted?’ I said,’ In the United States, ICN International Satellite TV hosts the program "Sima Vernacular." He looked at me and then asked,’ Your name is Si Manan, and your program is called Sima Vernacular … Is this program good?’ I can’t boast that the program is good, which is suspected of selling melons. So I replied:’ Let’s put it this way, as a visa officer, it would be a great pity if you didn’t read it.’ The visa officer said,’ OK, I’m going back to see it now. If it doesn’t look good, I’ll cancel your visa! Then he gave me the visa with a smile.

"In this way, I got a visa to the United States valid for ten years …"

I am grateful to my friends for their concern about my emigration to the United States. Some people support my emigration to the United States, some people make rumors that I have emigrated to the United States, some people believe the rumors, and on the basis of the "facts" woven by the rumors, many irresponsible and even personal attacks are made. Because the premises on which it is based are all false, these wonderful arguments are naturally untenable.

The 2015 Chinese Spring Festival Gala in North Si Manan is a multicultural carnival. I am grateful to the organizers for giving me an opportunity to personally clarify the various rumors about "immigrants" that have been fermenting on the Internet in recent days.

……

The fact is obvious. Whether Cui Yongyuan, Ren Zhiqiang and other people involved in making and spreading rumors about Si Manan’s immigration to the United States admit their mistakes has little influence on the fact itself and Si Manan himself. There is only one possibility to insist on not admitting mistakes and let people see through the shameful things behind their beautiful moral robes.

Sino-US relations are the most important bilateral relations in the world. One is the largest developed country, and the other is the largest developing country. The top leaders of the two countries have proposed that in order to establish a new type of relationship between major powers, there are both common demands, common interests and common concerns in the relations between the two countries, and there are different development orientations and value orientations, so stumbling is indispensable.The exchanges between the two countries, including personnel exchanges, are an important aspect of close relations between new powers. Freedom of movement of citizens is an extremely private topic on the premise of abiding by the laws of the two countries.

Some well-known people in China who are bent on crashing into a wall and sinking a ship have selectively politicized the immigration issue and violently kidnapped it. Obviously, when they ganged up to attack their political opponents, they completely ignored the facts and fabricated them at will, forgetting the moral golden rule of not doing to others what they want them to do. In this way, the moral bankruptcy is not the object of their attack, but just themselves.

Some people are curious, why do those people smear you every day?

It’s a long story for a child without a mother. You will know how many people I have offended in the Jianghu if you look at my writing for more than 20 years. How many people have I offended on political and ideological issues? I am different from those "enlightened gentlemen" who cherish feathers within the system. For those who slander China’s fundamental political system, Si Manan is a heinous and vicious enemy, because he is a sniper who jumps out of the trenches and fights with open flames.

Facts need to be clarified, and after all, facts speak louder than words. Clarified facts speak louder than words, which will help convince those who are in the middle. However, for those who have lost face again, this move will only arouse a new round of even crazier roar and resistance.

(January 23, 2015, Los Angeles time, 1:39 am)

Observer Network has never given up its efforts to find "That Little Soldier". According to Xiaobian’s latest discovery, his more specific and reliable identity is a columnist of "BWCHINESE Chinese Network", and the actual meaning of "That Little Soldier" is to compare himself with Lei Feng and hope to become a "soldier like Lei Feng". The brief introduction of "The Little Soldier" column "Economics of Human Nature" is as follows:

When economics becomes gambling, it loses common sense and conscience instead of skills and patterns. As a folk "economist", what I expect is to share my feelings, sadness and joy, expectation and disappointment with the public, which is much more meaningful than the author’s American famous degree. That little soldier is here to prove that he is indeed a soldier like "Lei Feng in Economics" in this era.

　　The Company and all members of the Board of Directors guarantee the truthfulness, accuracy and completeness of the information disclosure, and there are no false records, misleading statements or major omissions.

　　On February 18th, 2024, the National Internet Information Office (hereinafter referred to as "the Internet Office") announced the fourth batch of filing information of deep synthesis service algorithms, and Fangxin Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Fangxin Technology"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Jincai Internet Holdings Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Fangxin Technology"), filed the "Xinzhiyue Finance and Taxation Model Algorithm" through the deep synthesis service algorithm. The relevant information is hereby announced as follows:

　　I. Relevant information about the filing of "Xinzhiyue Finance and Taxation Model Algorithm"

　　According to the requirements of Article 19 of the Regulations on the Management of Deep Integration of Internet Information Services issued by the Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, deep integration service providers with public opinion attributes or social mobilization ability shall go through the filing, alteration and cancellation procedures in accordance with the Regulations on the Management of Internet Information Service Algorithm Recommendation. Fangxin Technology applied for filing the "Xinzhiyue Finance and Taxation Model Algorithm" to the Internet Information Office in accordance with the requirements of relevant regulations. The contents of the filing are as follows:

　　Second, the basic situation of "Xinzhiyue fiscal and taxation model algorithm"

　　The "Xinzhiyue Finance and Taxation Model Algorithm" model for this record was signed by Jincai Internet and a third-party general model company in September, 2023. Xinzhiyue Finance and Taxation Model relies on the rich finance and taxation knowledge accumulated by Jincai Internet for many years, follows the principle of "safety, kindness, credibility and controllability", takes Pangu Model as the base, uses a large amount of finance and taxation data for training and optimization, and is mainly applied to dialogue generation scenarios. According to the consultation text or input by users,

　　Based on Xin Zhiyue’s fiscal and taxation model, the semantic understanding and reasoning ability in fiscal and taxation field, combined with fiscal and taxation professional knowledge, provide intelligent online fiscal and taxation knowledge consultation, policy and regulation interpretation, case analysis, risk intelligent diagnosis, tax and fee calculation and other services for business owners and fiscal and taxation practitioners. While improving the efficiency of user consultation service, it also improves the user experience, so as to improve the quality and efficiency of service.

　　Third, the impact on the company

　　This algorithm has been put on record by the Network Information Office. The company will continue to extend the practical innovation based on Xinzhiyue big model to the enterprise business system, connect business management with ticket finance and taxation, and build an intelligent digital tax agent to help enterprises achieve "compliance, reduce burdens and increase profits", which is of positive significance to the company’s subsequent product launch and business development.

　　Fourth, risk warning

　　1. The application product of the company’s "Xinzhiyue Finance and Taxation Model Algorithm" is TaxGPTs, which is still in the trial stage and has not affected the company’s operating performance yet.

　　2. This filing is only a necessary procedure for relevant institutions to perform according to relevant laws and regulations, and the passing of filing does not mean the approval of our products or services.

　　3. In the research and development process of artificial intelligence related technologies, the company is faced with the requirements of technical update iteration, which has certain uncertainty, and there is still great uncertainty as to whether the expected effect can be achieved in the future.

　　4. In the future, as more enterprises and technical teams launch large model products, the competition in the field of artificial intelligence may be further intensified.

　　The company will strictly comply with the provisions and requirements of relevant laws and regulations, earnestly fulfill its information disclosure obligations and do a good job in information disclosure in a timely manner. Investors are requested to invest rationally and pay attention to risks.

　　It is hereby announced.

　　Board of Directors of Jincai Interconnection Holdings Co., Ltd.

　　February 20, 2024

"Melting" wonders of the moon.

"Melting" wonders of the moon.

"Melting" wonders of the moon.

　　An American amateur photographer recently captured a group of spectacular photos of the moon mirage in casco Bay, Maine. This rare astronomical phenomenon is called "Etruscan vases" by French science fiction writer jules verne. The reason for its formation is that layers of air at different temperatures bend the moonlight.

　　When light passes over the boundaries of different air layers, the moon in front of us will be deformed, creating the illusion that the second moon is tightly attached to the first moon. A few minutes later, the two moons separated, and the slightly lower "moon" slipped into the sea again.

　　After a full morning of sunshine, the sea surface began to heat up in the afternoon. Under this condition, an abnormal air layer with high temperature appeared and floated on the sea surface. On the day of this group of photos, the surface temperature of seawater reached 4 degrees Celsius, while the air temperature above the sea surface was only MINUS 8 degrees Celsius. When the light of the full moon hit the boundary between this cold and hot air layer, the path of the light would be deformed and refracted. So the illusion of a second moon appeared.

　　This phenomenon is similar to the illusion caused by puddles on the road in high temperature weather. Physicist Dr. Liz Cowley said: "The photo was taken in the evening. Under the irradiation of sunshine for a day, the sea water heats up, which makes the air temperature above the sea surface rise. Once the air in different layers has a temperature difference, the normal orbit of light passing through them will be deformed, which will produce this illusion. " He explained that the moon was blood red at that time, probably because the blue wavelength of light absorbed by the atmosphere was short, which allowed red light to pass through.

Editor: Li Xiuwei

　　Bian Ce fish and sheep originated from Aofei Temple.

　　Quantum bit report | WeChat official account QbitAI

　　This also cuts the robe, and that also breaks off diplomatic relations. Siraj Raval, the online celebrity of AI, has really become a street rat this time.

　　Moreover, many of them are well-known big names in the industry.

　　After MIT professor Lex Fridman deleted all the content about Siraj from his social media, Jeff Dean, the head of Google AI, also publicly announced that he would take Siraj Raval.

　　Douglas Eck, the chief scientist of Google Brain, took the lead in calling for: this scum, criticize him and take him away!

　　Rachel Thomas, co-founder of fast.ai, regrets it even more:

　　I interviewed Siraj Raval, and it’s a stain on my life.

　　Who is Siraj Raval (Siradj Laval) who was torn by a group of bosses?

　　He is a well-known broadcaster of YouTube, and his AI network course is very popular abroad. If we want to make an analogy, his popularity in English AI online class is just like that of Li Xiaolai in the currency circle.

　　Now, however, the online celebrity native’s design is crumbling. Not only is the paid online course accused of cheating money, but the published paper is also naked plagiarism-all by Ctrl+C and CTRL+V..

　　Before being accused of "cheating money", Siraj still kept his face straight, skipped live as usual, and publicly quoted his own paper.

　　However, unfortunately, Andrew M. Webb, a researcher at Manchester University, took a look at it-is it too insulting to copy and paste the paper like this?

　　Later, the drums broke through thousands of people, and more netizens came off the scene to reveal that Siraj, online celebrity, had no underwear left today …

　　△ skinned stickers reddit heat 2000

　　It is also considered that AI is too hot, and mud and sand are everywhere. Siraj shattered the three views of the AI ? ? community with his own efforts.

　　A popular online class

　　How hot is Siraj? Just look at his former followers: Jeff Dean, Ian Goodfellow, Fran? Ois Chollet… … (All have been cleared)

　　I graduated from Columbia University with a bachelor’s degree (questioned by netizens as a dropout). In 2016, I started uploading artificial intelligence and blockchain related courses on YouTube. Siraj used this style of painting-

　　△ sing rap

　　Known as the strongest Rapper in the AI world.

　　He also founded the School of AI, an AI learning community, and called it a non-profit organization, aiming to provide world-class AI education for anyone on the planet.

　　It is said that more than one million students have seen his online class. And every project he has on GitHub has thousands of stars.

　　△Siraj Raval part GitHub project

　　Three months to learn data science, six weeks of intensive learning … Almost every course is under the banner of rapid learning.

　　Moreover, talking about learning AI to make money is just a title of "The Road to Wealth and Freedom".

　　Because of this resume, eloquence and ability to fool, it was really followed at first, and the business prospects were bright.

　　However, after he launched the charging course Make Money with Machine Learning, Siraj got into trouble.

　　People set a fuse for collapse: using knowledge to pay for cheating money

　　What got Siraj in trouble was an online course he offered, "Making money by machine learning".

　　Just by listening to the name, you can know that this is a knowledge-paid online course that netizens love to see, but the price is not close to the people at all, and it is much more expensive than ordinary courses in Udacity and Coursera. After all the courses are completed, you have to pay 199 US dollars, equivalent to nearly 1300 yuan.

　　He also claimed that his energy was limited, and in order to focus on a few students, he was limited to 500 people.

　　Even so, according to this limit, this course can earn him $100 thousand.

　　Of course, with Siraj’s high popularity, it is definitely not a problem for the course to be full.

　　But the tricky thing began to be exposed.

　　The paid students later found that Siraj not only did not build an exchange group for the course, but also found that some students could not contact each other at all when they tried to communicate through the chat software Slack.

　　This is naturally intentional.

　　Siraj actually adopted the method of building a group in batches, and recruited a total of 1200 students before and after, that is to say, in the name of "limited" marketing, taking advantage of the information gap and secretly expanding enrollment, with the aim of making as much money as possible.

　　Students who know the truth are angry because of "false propaganda", and they also find that the quality and commitment of the course are just like the propaganda at the time of registration.

　　One of the important things is personalized help, which is completely broken.

　　Siraj just released a 30-minute video course every week and gave everyone a question-and-answer period. What about focusing on a few students?

　　More ironically, students find that the course content can be found for free on GitHub … What’s more?

　　Holding something that is free and open source, and then deleting the license to claim originality to make money, itself violates the spirit of the open source community and is despised by the majority of programmers.

　　As a result, students have asked for a refund and dropped out of class, and the momentum is growing.

　　But how can Siraj, who has a good fortune, easily let go of the meat in his mouth? He moved the students to Discord, another chat software, and set up a special program. All messages containing the word "refund" were deleted.

　　If someone goes to his YouTube or Twitter to reply and ask for a refund, Siraj will always black them out.

　　Siraj then added a refund policy to the website, but the requirement is that the refund must be completed within 14 days after registering for the course.

　　However, this obviously violates California law, because consumers have the right to ask for a refund within 30 days.

　　In the end, Siraj couldn’t stand the huge pressure of netizens’ public opinion, or it may be because he was worried about taking a lawsuit. After weighing it again and again, he announced that students who were dissatisfied with the course and paid within 30 days could provide a full refund.

　　Of course, after this battle, the online celebrity people’s establishment collapsed.

　　Lex Fridman, a teacher and researcher at MIT who had been "pink" Siraj before, was also found by netizens last week to quietly delete all the recommendations about Siraj.

　　The paper was found to be plagiarized at pixel level.

　　However, things are not over yet.

　　What completely collapsed Siraj’s design was that he copied other people’s academic papers at pixel level.

　　Below this post, a netizen said that Siraj’s liar nature had long been discovered, especially from his "Neural Qubit" video. In this video, he just summed up the results of Nathan Killoran’s paper and added some subjective and controversial biological theories, but claimed to be his own research.

　　Even the code he posted to GitHub just copied and pasted other people’s versions, and deleted the license and changed some constants.

　　Yesterday, someone even analyzed the differences between Siraj and Nathan Killoran in detail on Twitter, which was equivalent to convicting Siraj of plagiarism.

　　It can be seen that Siraj is almost a piece of plagiarism. The charts, formulas and even symbols used in the two articles are exactly the same.

　　Even careful netizens found that Siraj’s plagiarism can be described as "true pixel level", that is, really taking screenshots.

　　Generally, people who do academic writing will use LaTeX to edit formulas, but the resolution of formulas in Siraj’s paper is actually lower than that in the original paper.

　　Yes, the chart in his paper is so vague. A reasonable explanation is that he just copied and pasted the pictures in other people’s papers.

　　Maybe even "washing the manuscript" feels laborious.

　　Of course, some people say that maybe Siraj doesn’t know LaTeX at all, his college grade is B, and he hasn’t attended graduate school, so he doesn’t have the ability to write professional academic papers.

　　But even if you can’t LaTeX, this plagiarism is too careless. Undergraduate students encounter poor resolution when pasting formulas, and they also know to edit in Word instead of pasting pictures directly.

　　No wonder some people commented that this is simply a plagiarism of Ctrl+C and Ctrl+V levels.

　　Siraj apologizes for his resignation.

　　It is not very nice to say that the expansion of Siraj online courses is just a "just meal" gesture, but copying academic papers and open source code is equivalent to being sentenced to death in the circle.

　　Many big names who had paid attention to Siraj have said that they have cancelled their attention, including Google legend Jeff Dean.

　　An AI enthusiast said that Jeff’s statement is very important. Many people can avoid Siraj’s scam when they see Jeff taking the customs.

　　Siraj saw the momentum, too, and never carried it again.

　　After experiencing a rare silence, in the face of all kinds of evidence dug up by netizens, Siraj finally apologized on his Twitter a few hours ago and deleted the paper suspected of plagiarism on the whole network.

　　However, some people are still kept in the dark, such as the European Space Agency, and even invited him to give a speech at the event.

　　It’s just that there were as many fans as there were at the beginning. Enthusiastic netizens volunteered to set up an "anti-flicker consultation hotline" and sent an email to the European Space Agency, saying that Siraj’s academic ethics was questioned and called for a boycott of his speech.

　　It is also worth noting that Siraj has never forgotten to come to China to collect money over the years.

　　Last year, the domestic blockchain community invited it to cooperate with it, and even called it "Jesus in the machine learning world."

　　Of course, it is not without clues that Siraj misbehaves now.

　　However, because he had a high reputation in the field of machine learning before, and he was too good at marketing, the previous accusations of netizens about his money did not form a momentum.

　　Moreover, Siraj was recognized at first, and it did have something extraordinary. After all, in this field, lively and diverse lecture forms are really unique.

　　However, the motivation is impure, breaking through the bottom line of academic ethics, and trying to make money by using the information gap. In the end, people will inevitably bring about their own destruction.

　　In short, you have to pay it back sooner or later.

　　Fraud in the field of AI will sooner or later be hanged. Right?

　　The author is the signing author of Netease News and NeteaseNo. "Different Attitudes".

This article first appeared on WeChat WeChat official account: Quantum Bit. The content of the article belongs to the author’s personal opinion and does not represent Hexun.com’s position. Investors should operate accordingly, at their own risk.

According to media reports, a few days ago, Lao Mouzhi, a female criminal suspect who killed seven people with her boyfriend Fa Ying in the form of "fairy jump" from 1996 to 1999 and fled for 23 years, was successfully arrested by the Criminal Investigation Brigade of Siming Public Security Bureau through big data information in the "Yun Jian Operation" of Xiamen police. This news caused a sensation and was regarded as another major victory on the criminal investigation front in China in recent years.

As for the word "fairy jump", some friends who pay little attention to the legal news are unfamiliar, and some even think it is the same as "releasing white doves". In this narrative note, the author will help you distinguish the difference between the two, and talk about the past events in the most serious period of the crime of "fairy jump" in China history through the notes in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.

First, the trap on the "Jinfeng Building"

First of all, it should be clarified that "releasing the white dove" and "dancing with immortals" are two completely different forms of crime, although they are similar in technique. "Putting a white dove" means that a fraud gang marries a "daughter" in the name of marriage, and after receiving the bride price, it walks away; According to the definition of "Xianrentiao", it is "men and women conspire to act as a couple, so that women can use color as bait to lure other men into the room. If the man who is just sitting down and conspiring is dressed as a husband, he will rush home from outside, and when he sees the guest, he will be pseudo-angry and say that he wants to catch the general. If the guest is afraid, he will beg for favor for a long time, but he will not be allowed to offer money. If it is insufficient, he will be forced to issue bonds and repay them on schedule, and he will be full of his desires and will be humiliated at first. It is called the fairy jump. "

I don’t know if you understand, although both of them are criminal gangs using men and women’s affairs to defraud money, the biggest difference is that the former is "marrying in the bright media" and the latter is "breaking the adultery". If the former is "literary fraud", the latter is "martial fraud".

In all kinds of scams, "letting white doves fly" and "dancing immortals" are all classified as "sexual deception", which has a long history in China. In the Song Dynasty, it was called "beauty bureau", and in the Ming Dynasty, it was called "burning fire and hoarding". Ling Mengchu once wrote a poem dedicated to this matter in "Surprise at the Second Moment": "Seeing people like each other, there is a real fate in the Central Plains. Just because nothing is false is not true, you can’t ask if you hide it in the machine. Teenagers are reckless and greedy, and they are ready to kick into the romantic array. Shantou does not eat and provoke the body, and the secular fame is burning. " It was not until the Qing Dynasty that it was divided into two categories.

Notes of Youtai Fairy Pavilion records a very typical "fairy jumping case" that happened in Daoguang season;

Notes of Youtai Fairy House

There is a scholar named Gu in Wujiang who lives at the bank of Geely Bridge because he went to Suzhou for the exam. There is a tea shop called "Jinfeng Building" next to Jili Bridge. After dinner, Gu Shengaccidentally went to have tea. When he went in, he found that there was a table in the corner. There was an old woman sitting with a young woman. "There was no one else." Gu Sheng sat down at that table. "I have been chatting with Gu for a long time." The old woman said, "The tea here is tasteless. If Lang Jun is interested, why not come to my house and treat each other with good tea?" Gu Sheng readily followed it. Go home with the old woman and go upstairs. The upstairs furnishings are quite elegant. At that time, opium smoking was prevalent, and there were many smoking utensils on the couch. The old woman asked Gu Sheng to try it. Gu Sheng politely decline, the old woman advised him to say, "Why not play by chance?" She ordered the young woman to burn cigarettes to serve guests. Gu Sheng had to get on the couch, and the old woman helped him take off his shoes and said, "Feel free to sleep and sit. The old woman has something to do and go." Say that finish go downstairs. Not long after, there was a sudden fierce knock at the door downstairs. The young woman tiptoed downstairs. Gu Sheng felt confused and followed her downstairs gently and hid in the dark. I saw the young woman open the door, and suddenly more than 30 men rushed in and asked where people were. The young woman said "upstairs". More than 30 big men followed the young woman upstairs, and Gu Sheng quickly took the opportunity to slip away. "In the custom of Gaisu, there are often people who take women as their prey. When young children fall into it by mistake, they will try their best to take their clothes, and force books to borrow coupons, or tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands, which is the beginning of interpretation. The proverb is called’ fairy jump’."

"Clear-off Banknotes" makes a detailed analysis of the criminal methods of "Immortal Jump": most of these crimes are "those who gather the party’s thoughts". Specific crimes are divided into three groups: the first group includes beautiful young women as bait, and the environment in which the target of fraud has to be trapped-taking Gu Sheng as an example, I am afraid that those who occupy seats are members of criminal gangs, "first make women seduce men and deal with them"; When the target was hooked, the second batch of members went on stage. "Its party has more than a dozen generations, each with weapons, and it is tracked and found, and the momentum is fierce. It is impossible to go to you. Pretend that your wife is polluted and must die, otherwise you can buy it if you love it, and you must compensate for all the expenses on weekdays. Otherwise, you will never leave this polluted woman again. If a man resists a little, the fake husband will bother to drink. "; The third group played the role of "mediator" at this time, "trying to persuade men to donate money, and including all their clothes and personal owners"-it can not be said that Gu Sheng’s cleverness and good luck made him escape from this series of carefully woven traps.

Clearing banknotes

Two, "more than a dozen gunboats" encirclement and suppression of criminal gangs

The rampant crime of "Immortal Jump" reached its peak in the history of China in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. The author found some words describing its situation in the notes "Notes on Experience" written by Ouyang Yu, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty. Because Ouyang Yu himself served as an aide for a long time in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang generations, many of his notes are true and credible during his tenure.

Notes on knowledge and experience

It can be found from the records that the crimes of "Fairy Jump" are mainly concentrated in Yangzhou, Gaoyou, Shao Bo, Huai ‘an, Qingjiang, Suqian and Shuyang. Let’s talk about Yangzhou first. There is a local matchmaker who introduces foreign guests to local marriage. It seems very formal. When bringing foreign guests to the woman’s home, the guests naturally feel at ease. When the bride price was paid to take the woman home, it was as short as ten days and as long as January. Suddenly, someone came to the door, asked why his wife was trafficked here, and accused the guest of being a kidnapper. The guest was shocked and said that there was a registered permanent residence and a matchmaker to rely on, but there was no trace of finding a matchmaker. Looking for the woman’s "family", "the original house was empty." From this, the woman’s "family" can be considered reasonable. "The more you scold the guest as a kidnapper, you will want to see the official. After that, a group of people will persuade you from the side. If you are timid, you must not only return the person, but also go out to the British to ask for sex."-"English flies" is the eagle’s ocean, and "sex" is the meaning of letting things go.

Of course, there are also particularly tough guests, who want to make it clear that those "family members" really sue the officials, while the government in the late Qing Dynasty, better to follow the rules, more simply count on lawsuits to make money. Since the defendant is in a foreign country, he can only eat the local plaintiff. "Mending officers demand too much, and they have to pay one or two hundred gold." In the past few years, hundreds of taels of silver have been spent and the lawsuit is still being fought. Ouyang Yu saw a case when he was the chief of staff in Yangzhou, because it involved two places. "The two counties asked questions, and the expenses of two government offices and roads were delayed for four years, and the visitors were only Chinese, so half of them had gone!"

However, the situation in Yangzhou is still good. What is really terrible is Gaoyou, Shao Bo, Huai ‘an, Qingjiang, Suqian and Shuyang all the way. The "Fairy Jump" there is really "seeing blood", and there are dozens of rogues with swords and guns. Once they meet customers who refuse to return the bait and even pay for it, they will be directly beaten. For those women who don’t want to be bait at first, "they must be allowed to take off their clothes, whip them and burn them to pieces."

Above Hankou, the "Fairy Jump" in Tianmen, mian yang, Shashi and Fancheng is even more fierce and terrible than the previous places. Criminals gangs commit crimes, and it goes without saying that customers who refuse to obey are beaten, but they are extremely cruel to women who are abducted as bait. "If relatives do not dare to recognize them, they will be beaten at night." After a woman was used as bait, she told the truth to the buyer because of her conscience, and the news leaked out. "I went into the house at night and grabbed it out, and I went to the door." The buyer was very angry and accused by the government, but after a long time, "the real murderer has not been obtained."

Ouyang Yu believes that the direct cause of this evil-doer rampant in the world is the institutional defects of the government. According to the laws of the Qing dynasty, such a case "was not arrested in June, and it was the first reference; In June, I will be the second member of the Senate. According to the rules, the fourth member of the Senate will be dismissed, but many local officials are acting (the period of acting is not more than one year in the Qing Dynasty), and "the second member of the Senate has stopped." The successor officer took over the backlog left by the previous one, "still counting from the beginning, and still dismissed from the Second Senate" … Some officials are real officials, but if they can’t get a person to the Second Senate, they will be excused. Therefore, in this kind of case, there are no cases in which four people are dismissed. Therefore, Ouyang Yu said sadly, "It’s not lax to try our best. If there are too many clever paths, why stay out of the law?" Therefore, due to the blame, the wind is blazing. "

Of course, there are also some conscientious and capable magistrates who are determined to kill the people, but it is not so easy to crack the "Xianrentiao" criminal group. Because this generation is fierce and abnormal, more than a dozen arresting officers are sent to arrest them, and if more than 100 people are sent, "it will be hundreds of miles away", so which region meets this kind of case, which makes the local officials have a headache. Ouyang Yu believes: "It is not easy to get rid of the harm if it is not a big official who cares about the people, regardless of the territory, limiting the camp and cooperating with the arrest."

There is really a "division" success. As mentioned earlier, the criminal gang that cut the bait for revealing the truth, after doing countless evils, was suddenly destroyed. One day, they hijacked a beautiful woman and anchored in a secluded place five miles away from Hankou. Then they were also puffed up, relaxed their vigilance and landed together to buy wine and meat. The boat was unguarded. "Once in a while, a boat passed by, and I was surprised to see a beautiful woman in the cabin, asking her first question and sounding like a fellow countryman." The woman told the boatman what had happened to her, and opened the deck to show him that "all were swords and guns", and then tearfully asked the boatman to leave quickly. "Don’t say anything, for fear of being killed." However, the owner of the boat had a chivalrous heart and rushed to Hankou to tell Jiangying about the situation. "In the evening, this generation all belong to, drinking all drunk. After the second watch, the battalion officer surrounded it with dozens of gunboats, stationed hundreds of troops on the shore to prevent it from escaping, so he captured them one by one, handed them over to the county Yan Yong, confessed to killing several women, kidnapped dozens of women, and sold them around, earning tens of thousands of taels of silver. The trial is true, and it is the right law. "

Third, rare cases of "using wisdom but not using force"

In the early years of the Republic of China, the society was in turmoil, and the cases of "fairy dancing" were still high. However, due to the developed business, Shanghai became the "hardest hit" for swindlers to use this technique, especially in the "Shanghai World" and some theaters, where there were a lot of "white pigeons" and "immortals". Many memoirs about that period have mentioned such events.

In many historical materials of the Republic of China, the author found a rare case of "fairy jumping", but he didn’t use his wisdom hard: there was a pigment dealer named Zhu in Shanghai who was rich in capital and had the disadvantage of being particularly lewd. One day, when he went to a theater to see a play, he saw a woman sitting next to him, surrounded by a maid, and the weather was luxurious, like everyone’s style. Zhu was thinking about how to talk to her. Suddenly, he saw a silk scarf in the woman’s sleeve fall to the ground, and Zhu quickly picked it up and returned it. The woman also thanked her gracefully and accepted it, and cast a glance at Zhu, who naturally answered with her eyes. After the show, the woman boarded the bus and left, and Zhu still looked forward to it. At this moment, suddenly a little groom came to tell him that this woman is the concubine of a certain mansion in a certain place.

The next afternoon, Zhu went to search for the address told by the groom. Sure enough, he saw the words "XXX Mansion" hanging on the door, but the door was closed and there was nothing to see. Zhu was wandering at the door, not knowing what to do. Suddenly he looked up and saw a person leaning against the window, which was the girl he saw in the theater yesterday. She made eyes at Zhu frequently and ordered the little maid to open the door to lead the way. Zhu entered his room and talked with him, only to know that his husband was an "adult" in the former Qing Dynasty. This "adult" had four or five similar small mansions in Shanghai and many concubines, so it was impossible to "take photos every week". When Zhu heard the joy, he thought that he had found an opportunity to take advantage of it.

Since then, Zhu often came to this mansion and saw that this girl had many girlfriends, most of whom were surrounded by pearls and jade, graceful and luxurious, and did not avoid Zhu, so Zhu would fork sparrows, play poker and play Pai Gow with them. On one occasion, when Zhu came back from collecting money, he went to the mansion to find a girl. Seeing that other girlfriends were there, he said that he had more money today and bet a big one. While the "Dragon and White Tiger" was in high spirits, a little maid came running with a teapot and said, "My mistress is not well, my master is back!" The girl quickly asked him to take refuge in the maid’s room. Zhu listened to him and hid in the maid’s room with trepidation. After a while, I vaguely heard the voice of the so-called master. The handmaid said to Zhu: Our master has a bad temper and carries a gun with him. If it is not good, it is really possible to kill people. You should jump out of the window and escape. Zhu ran away, not even taking a purse full of money.

The next day, he went back to visit, but he saw that the door of the mansion was closed, and no one came out after waiting for a long time. This was the case for several days in a row. After asking, he learned that the girl, the girl’s girlfriend, the handmaid and the "master" were all members of the "fairy jump" fraud gang, and they set themselves up from the beginning, just waiting for the thick leather bag after he collected the bill!

On the whole, after the Republic of China, the "fairy dance" was "civilized" on the whole, at least it wasn’t a robbery with an open fire … The author read legal literature at school, and although he saw some cases of "fairy dance", although it was also full of brutality and blackmail, it was basically a scattered fortune, and it didn’t kill him. In this sense, the behavior of a branch in the past was really disgusting

　　Mp3 is still here today, not the player of that year. The author’s impression of mp3 players began in high school. At that time, I was still using a heavy tape walkman, but "wearing headphones and hanging an mp3 player around my neck" has quietly become a campus fashion. At that time, the mp3 player was relatively large, connected with wired headphones, and looked from a distance, as if a stethoscope was hung around his neck.

　　At that time, I was lucky enough to experience my roommate’s mp3 player. It was very convenient to listen to songs, but it was inconvenient to find songs. The playing modes were only sequential playing, random playing and single loop. As an expert in using the rewind button of the walkman, I can judge the position and rewind time of a song according to the diameter of the tape reel, so the mp3 player is really "hehe" in my eyes.

　　Unfortunately, the good times didn’t last long. As soon as I graduated from high school, digital products such as walkman and tape were swept into the history museum along with the "rewind skills" that the author was proud of. But they were not killed by mp3 players, but by more advanced mobile phones. When I was in college, I used a mobile phone called "Nokia". Now children may not have heard of this brand. Back in those days, Nokia dominated the mobile phone industry with its Symbian intelligent system. It could not only listen to mp3 music, but also watch movies on a 2: 00-inch screen. Of course, more importantly, it saved money on mp3 and mp4 players.

　　However, the author’s college roommate Z still keeps the habit of using mp3 player. His mp3 player is a famous brand product in Japan, which costs thousands of dollars. It is said that the sound quality is excellent when used with a pair of German brand headphones costing more than 300 yuan. I’ve listened to it, too, and it’s really good, but if it’s too good to be wanted, it’s not too bad.

　　This Z student not only has an mp3 player, but also an mp4 player with a bigger screen than his face, which is the originator of the current big-screen mobile phone. At that time, I thought that it was just around the corner for mobile phones to replace mp3 and mp4 players, and the practice of Z students could only be simply evaluated as rich and powerful.

　　However, classmate Z gave me an unexpected answer. He said: "the computer is very powerful, right? But every time I turn on the computer, I always change my original intention unconsciously. For example, I originally wanted to watch a movie, but I played a game." I wanted to listen to music, but I got online. So I think that computers are used to play games online, mp4 players are used to watch movies, and mp3 players are used to listen to music. "

　　Some people may say that this is your classmate Z’s poor self-control. But just imagine, if you were given a computer with Internet access and full of movies, music and games to learn English, how long would you last without external supervision?

　　Once upon a time, the author was superstitious about self-control, but if we contact the supervision mechanism, we will find that in a relaxed environment, facing a world full of temptations, people basically have no self-control, and the probability of getting lost or even sinking is extremely high.

　　"The keyboard starts and ends, and you know exactly that 88 keys are there. You can’t go wrong … I like it, and I can easily cope with it … in that infinite spreading city, everything is there, but there is no end, no end at all. What I can’t see is the end of all this, the end of the world. " At the end of the movie legend of 1900, the hero 1900 uttered such a sigh.

　　I don’t know how many netizens have had similar ideas to 1900 when facing computers and mobile phones. Or perhaps, many netizens have lost themselves in the abyss of network information and forgotten the original intention of using computers and mobile phones before they have time to express their feelings.

　　Many years later, when I bought a certain brand of electronic paper book reader, I remembered the classmate who listened to music with mp3 player in college. Someone asked me: Why spend more than 800 yuan to buy a digital product that is slow to respond and can only read books?

　　To this, I can only answer: because my self-control is too poor.

Dr. Guan Kang Kang You from the Department of Nuclear Medicine talks about thyroid gland.

1. What is pepsinogen?

Pepsinogen (PG) is the precursor of pepsin. According to its biochemical properties and immunogenicity, it can be divided into two subgroups. The immunogenicity of 1~5 components is the same, and it is called Pepsinogen I (PG I), which is mainly secreted by the main cells of gastric fundus gland and mucus neck cells. Components 6 and 7 are called pepsinogen Ⅱ(PGⅡ), which can be secreted by the main cells and mucus neck cells of gastric fundus gland, and also produced by mucus neck cells of pyloric gland of cardiac gland and gastric antrum and upper duodenum.

Usually, about 1% PG enters the blood circulation through the capillary of gastric mucosa, and the PG entering the blood circulation is very stable in the blood. Serum PG ⅰ and PG ⅱ reflect the number of glands and cells in gastric mucosa, and indirectly reflect the secretory function of different parts of gastric mucosa. When pathological changes occur in gastric mucosa, the content of serum PG also changes. Therefore, monitoring the concentration of PG in serum can be used as a means to monitor the status of gastric mucosa.

Detection of pepsinogen (PG), an early warning indicator of gastric cancer

1. Chronic atrophic gastritis is an important "transitional event" in gastric mucosa canceration.

Gastric cancer is one of the common malignant tumors in China, and its mortality ranks first among all kinds of malignant tumors. Its early diagnosis and early treatment have become the only way to improve the quality of life of patients and reduce the mortality. At present, the main methods for diagnosing gastric cancer are fiberoptic gastroscopy and upper gastrointestinal radiography, among which gastroscopy is called the "gold standard" for diagnosing gastric cancer.

At present, it is believed that partial atrophy can be reversed, and once it enters intestinal metaplasia, it is difficult to reverse it. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a tool that can keenly detect the atrophy of gastric mucosa. At this time, the detection of pepsinogen plays a powerful role.

When the gastric fundus gland atrophied, the number of main cells decreased and the level of PG ⅰ decreased. However, because there are more cells secreting PG ⅱ, PG ⅱ can still maintain a high level at this time, and the ratio of PG ⅰ to PG ⅱ decreased significantly. When atrophic gastritis is accompanied by intestinal metaplasia and gastric antrum gland extends to the stomach body, and pseudopyloric metaplasia of gastric fundus gland occurs, the level of PG ⅱ increases more, and the ratio of PG ⅰ to PG ⅱ decreases further. Therefore, the decrease of PG ⅰ level is a reliable sign of gastric fundus gland mucosa atrophy, and PG ⅰ/PG ⅱ profile reflects the degree of gastric fundus gland mucosa atrophy.

2. Helicobacter pylori infection is the initiating factor for the development of gastric cancer.

The occurrence of gastric cancer is the result of multiple factors. The multi-step hypothesis of gastric cancer, that is, from chronic non-atrophic gastritis (formerly known as chronic superficial gastritis) → atrophic gastritis → intestinal metaplasia → intraepithelial neoplasia (formerly known as dysplasia) → gastric cancer, has been generally accepted. Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection has become the most important initiating factor, and Hp infection has been recognized as an independent risk factor for gastric cancer.

Therefore, active detection of Hp has become one of the important measures to prevent and treat gastric cancer. Hp detection is mainly divided into invasive and non-invasive methods. For Hp-positive infected people, the major guidelines have reached a consensus that Hp infection-related gastritis is an infectious disease and it is recommended to eradicate it.

Hp infection can also significantly affect the serum PG level. At the beginning, PG ⅰ and PG ⅱ both increased, and the increase of PG ⅱ was faster, then PG ⅰ/PG ⅱ decreased, and the larger the Hp infection focus, the greater the decrease of PG ⅰ/PG ⅱ. However, the results of pepsinogen test are lack of specificity, and special Hp test is still needed to judge whether Hp is infected or not.

Third, pepsinogen Ⅰ(PGⅠ),

The results of pepsinogen Ⅱ(PGⅡ) were analyzed as follows:

Four, "pepsinogen" test results misunderstanding:

Myth # 1: If only PG ⅰ is measured during physical examination, nearly 70% of the results are in the range of 40~70ng/mL, which seems to be lower than 70ng/mL on the surface, and gastric atrophy is suspected, but the results are difficult to explain because PG ⅱ and ratio are not measured. When PGⅡ is retested, the ratio of more than 90% is greater than 3. This kind of situation is due to the high incidence of chronic superficial gastritis in China population, which belongs to normal physiological gastric acid secretion insufficiency.

Myth 2: PG-positive means "stomach cancer theory": positive means people at high risk of stomach cancer. PG project is a simple screening project for gastric cancer in the early stage of physical examination, replacing X-ray and ultrasonic screening for gastric cancer. The main significance lies not in diagnosis but in early detection and prevention. Normal people are 15%PG positive, and those with PG positive have a high risk of developing gastric cancer, and the early detection rate of gastric cancer is 1%~2%.

Myth # 3: Pay attention to the change of reference range values of PG ⅰ and PG ⅱ, but not the ratio. Because the secretion of PG ⅰ in gastric mucosa changes greatly (above 70~800ng/mL) under the attack of inflammation, the secretion of PG ⅱ is relatively constant. When comparative value > 3, the degree of PG ⅰ increase can only be combined with clinical analysis to determine the type of gastric diseases. When comparative value < 3, it is suggested that further in-depth endoscopy or pathological sampling should be taken to confirm and warn the high risk of early gastric cancer, and follow-up monitoring should be carried out in the last five years. The incidence of gastric cancer was 2% in PG-positive patients who had no gastric cancer in the same year and in the following five years.

Five, Japan’s experience for reference ("ABC" method+endoscopic screening)

Our neighbor Japan, as a country with high incidence of gastric cancer, has done a very good job in early cancer screening. Their screening strategy for early cancer firmly grasps the two controllable factors of Hp infection and whether gastric fundus gland atrophy occurs.

The Kyoto Consensus of Japan made the following recommendations for the national early cancer screening strategy: first, for Hp infection, the Kyoto Consensus emphasized "shoot to kill", and after everyone sterilized and eradicated Hp, PG was evaluated. The ratio of PG ⅰ/PG ⅱ is ≤3.0, which is regarded as the critical diagnostic value of atrophic gastritis, and as the screening standard of high-risk population of gastric cancer.

Vi. A Long Way to Go-Strategies for Early Cancer Screening in China;

China has a large population base and the incidence of gastric cancer remains high, so it is imperative to find a simple, accurate and effective screening method for gastric cancer. In 2017, the China Consensus on Chronic Gastritis highly affirmed the value of PG, and the guidelines gave the following recommendations: The detection of serum pepsinogen (PG) ⅰ and ⅱ and gastrin -17 may help to judge whether there is gastric mucosal atrophy and its degree. Detection of serum PG ⅰ, PG ⅱ, PG ⅰ/PG ⅱ ratio combined with anti-Hp antibody is helpful for risk stratification management.

The Expert Consensus on Early Gastric Cancer Screening Process in China, published at the end of 2017, not only affirmed the value of serum PG, but also put forward a new gastric cancer screening scoring system, in which the elderly, male, Hp antibody positive, low pepsinogen ratio (PGR) and high serum 17(gastrin-17 (G-17) level are high risk factors for gastric cancer.

Among them, G-17 is a new item in China Guide. G-17 is an amidated gastrin synthesized and secreted by G cells in gastric antrum. Its main physiological function is to stimulate gastric acid secretion and promote the proliferation and differentiation of gastric mucosal cells. G-17 is one of the sensitive indexes to reflect the endocrine function of gastric antrum, which can indicate the atrophy of gastric antrum mucosa or whether there is abnormal proliferation. G-17 itself can also promote the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. When the serum G-17 level rises, it may indicate the risk of gastric cancer.

In addition, different from the Kyoto consensus, the consensus in China put forward the critical value of serological detection for the first time, that is, when PGR<3.89 and G-17> 1.50pmol/L, the risk of gastric cancer increased significantly. The critical value of PGR defined by Kyoto Consensus is ≤3.

According to the score, the guide divides the population into three groups: low risk, medium risk and high risk, and gives the screening strategy.

At the same time, however, we should also see the shortcomings of the China guidelines. The screening population is over 40 years old, and there are other risk factors such as high incidence area of gastric cancer, Hp infection, previous precancerous diseases of gastric cancer, first-degree relatives of gastric cancer patients, diet and so on. However, at present, the onset age of gastric cancer is getting earlier and earlier, and I believe it will definitely enter prospecting stage in the future.

To sum up, serum PG combined with Hp detection is helpful to evaluate the risk of gastric cancer, and can be used as a routine screening method for gastric cancer for ordinary people. However, it cannot replace gastroscopy, and gastroscopy is still strongly recommended for high-risk groups.

Original title: Clinical Significance of Detection of Pepsinogen (PG)

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